Post by ProdigalSon on Jan 12, 2004 15:22:19 GMT -5
The Finns and Swedes of Southwestern Finland are characteristically tall (height is more than 173 cm), relatively long and narrow headed, and as a result more doliocephalic than all other investigated groups (cephalic index is less than 80), the face is morphologically longer and more leptoprosopic (morphological facial index is more than 90), the nose is more leptorhine (in the vast majority of cases, the nasal index is less than 64). Concave profiled nasal bridges are infrequent, and convex profiled nasal bridges more frequent, relative to the East of Finland. The forehead slopes, and the browridges are strongly developed.
All of the traits described above are characteristic of the Scandinavian type.
The Estonians of the Western part of the Estonian S.S.S.R differ slightly from the population of Southwest Finland. Western Estonians are somewhat less doliocephalic, (since the breadth of their heads is larger) and their bizygomatic distance is somewhat larger. In addition to this, their foreheads slope more, and their browridges are heavy. Finally, Western Estonians are more robust than the population of Southwest Finland. Thus, Western Estonians belong to the West-Baltic type. This has also been established by other authors (U. Aul, 1964b, M. V. Vitov, K. U. Mark, N. N. Cheboksarov, 1959).
The West-Baltic type is also common among Livs and Western Latvians (M. V. Vitov, K. U. Mark, N. N. Cheboksraov, 1959).
Regardless of their differences, the two aforementioned types - Scandinavian and West-Baltic - have much in common. This is why in Soviet anthropological literature they are often referred to collectively as the "Atlanto-Baltic race"
It should be noted that certain groups of Southwestern Finns are broader-faced, and in this way are close to Estonians.
The Finns of Eastern Finland, Karelians, Vepses, Ijores and Eastern Estonians are characterized by a different set of traits. In the vast majority of groups studied, height is lower, the head is more brachycephalic (cephalic index is more than 80.0), the face is shorter (morphological facial index is less than 90), the nose is lower, and concave nasal profiles are quite frequent. The forehead is straight and the browridges are only weakly developed, which allows us to chracterize a portion of these groups as gracile. It should be reiterated that some of these groups are extremely light pigmented, and simultaneously display weak Mongoloid admixture. This complex of traits is typical of the East-Baltic type.
Soviet anthropologists usually regard Vepses as the most typical representatives of the East-Baltic type (see M V. Vitov, K. U. Mark, N. N. Cheboksarov, 1959, p. 103-104). According to our data, Vepses and Korelians are distinguished from the Finns of Eastern Finland and Eastern Estonians mainly by larger cranial and facial dimensions, which are apparently correlated with a decrease in height.
The differences between Eastern and Western Estonians are not as easy to extarpolate. In the Estonian S.S.S.R, the East-Baltic type has many intermediate variants with the West-Baltic type.
The Saami are distinguished from the Finns and Swedes of the Baltic by lower height (less than 164 cm.), much more noticeable brachycephaly (cephalic index 82-84), and especially, by an extremely short face (morphological face height 118-121 mm.). This is the cause of the euryprosopic face characteristic of the Saami (morphological facial index 86 or less). The nose is broad, and quite often the profile of the nose is concave. The forehead is usually straight, the browridges are weakly developed - in other words, we are dealing with a gracile type.
The hair and eye pigmentation of the Saami is darker than that of the Baltic Finns, but the Saami themselves are not remarkably dark. Mongoloid admixture among the Saami is also stronger, athough the Europid element is predominant. This complex of traits allows us to include the Saami in the Uralic race, intermediate between Europids and Mongoloids, namely the Lappinoid type of the aforementioned race.
Skolt-Saami are less Mongoloid than other Saami, as well as lighter-eyed, longer headed and longer-faced. The distinctions between them and representatives of the East-Baltic race are far less important that the distinctions between the East-Baltic race and other Saami.
In general, the Lappinoid type is not much different from other forms of the Uralic race, which have a wide range of distribution among the Finno-Ugric peoples. This is especially true of the sub-Lappinoid type, common among the Mari, the Udmurts and Komi Permyaks. The Saami are distinguished from these peoples mostly by a shorter face and brachycephaly.
It is intersting to note that in many ways, the East-Baltic type is intermediate between the Lappinoid and the Atlanto-Baltic types (Scandinavian and West Baltic). Paleoanthropological data tells us that this is not accidental.
Source: Anthropology of the Balto-Finnish Peoples (Antropologija Balto-Finnskikh Narodov), by Karin Mark, p. 41-42.
All of the traits described above are characteristic of the Scandinavian type.
The Estonians of the Western part of the Estonian S.S.S.R differ slightly from the population of Southwest Finland. Western Estonians are somewhat less doliocephalic, (since the breadth of their heads is larger) and their bizygomatic distance is somewhat larger. In addition to this, their foreheads slope more, and their browridges are heavy. Finally, Western Estonians are more robust than the population of Southwest Finland. Thus, Western Estonians belong to the West-Baltic type. This has also been established by other authors (U. Aul, 1964b, M. V. Vitov, K. U. Mark, N. N. Cheboksarov, 1959).
The West-Baltic type is also common among Livs and Western Latvians (M. V. Vitov, K. U. Mark, N. N. Cheboksraov, 1959).
Regardless of their differences, the two aforementioned types - Scandinavian and West-Baltic - have much in common. This is why in Soviet anthropological literature they are often referred to collectively as the "Atlanto-Baltic race"
It should be noted that certain groups of Southwestern Finns are broader-faced, and in this way are close to Estonians.
The Finns of Eastern Finland, Karelians, Vepses, Ijores and Eastern Estonians are characterized by a different set of traits. In the vast majority of groups studied, height is lower, the head is more brachycephalic (cephalic index is more than 80.0), the face is shorter (morphological facial index is less than 90), the nose is lower, and concave nasal profiles are quite frequent. The forehead is straight and the browridges are only weakly developed, which allows us to chracterize a portion of these groups as gracile. It should be reiterated that some of these groups are extremely light pigmented, and simultaneously display weak Mongoloid admixture. This complex of traits is typical of the East-Baltic type.
Soviet anthropologists usually regard Vepses as the most typical representatives of the East-Baltic type (see M V. Vitov, K. U. Mark, N. N. Cheboksarov, 1959, p. 103-104). According to our data, Vepses and Korelians are distinguished from the Finns of Eastern Finland and Eastern Estonians mainly by larger cranial and facial dimensions, which are apparently correlated with a decrease in height.
The differences between Eastern and Western Estonians are not as easy to extarpolate. In the Estonian S.S.S.R, the East-Baltic type has many intermediate variants with the West-Baltic type.
The Saami are distinguished from the Finns and Swedes of the Baltic by lower height (less than 164 cm.), much more noticeable brachycephaly (cephalic index 82-84), and especially, by an extremely short face (morphological face height 118-121 mm.). This is the cause of the euryprosopic face characteristic of the Saami (morphological facial index 86 or less). The nose is broad, and quite often the profile of the nose is concave. The forehead is usually straight, the browridges are weakly developed - in other words, we are dealing with a gracile type.
The hair and eye pigmentation of the Saami is darker than that of the Baltic Finns, but the Saami themselves are not remarkably dark. Mongoloid admixture among the Saami is also stronger, athough the Europid element is predominant. This complex of traits allows us to include the Saami in the Uralic race, intermediate between Europids and Mongoloids, namely the Lappinoid type of the aforementioned race.
Skolt-Saami are less Mongoloid than other Saami, as well as lighter-eyed, longer headed and longer-faced. The distinctions between them and representatives of the East-Baltic race are far less important that the distinctions between the East-Baltic race and other Saami.
In general, the Lappinoid type is not much different from other forms of the Uralic race, which have a wide range of distribution among the Finno-Ugric peoples. This is especially true of the sub-Lappinoid type, common among the Mari, the Udmurts and Komi Permyaks. The Saami are distinguished from these peoples mostly by a shorter face and brachycephaly.
It is intersting to note that in many ways, the East-Baltic type is intermediate between the Lappinoid and the Atlanto-Baltic types (Scandinavian and West Baltic). Paleoanthropological data tells us that this is not accidental.
Source: Anthropology of the Balto-Finnish Peoples (Antropologija Balto-Finnskikh Narodov), by Karin Mark, p. 41-42.
